Revolutionary War: Road to Yorktown

During the Revolution, Charleston was the fourth largest city in the colonies and the largest and richest in the south. Twelve thousand people lived here—half free and half slave.

This morning you will visit the Fort Moultrie National Historical Park at Sullivan’s Island. Here, the Patriots under Colonel William Moultrie successfully defended Charleston against a combined British sea and land attack by Admiral Peter Parker and General Henry Clinton in 1776—foreshadowing the 1780 campaign.

You will then take a brief walking tour through the venerable streets of historic Charleston that will lead you to the Old Exchange and Provost Dungeon, built in 1771. You’ll see where Patriots held secret councils and hid precious supplies of gunpowder, and where the British later imprisoned Patriot leaders—one of whom they hung!

After lunch in Charleston’s charming French quarter, you will travel to Drayton Hall, an elegant 18th century estate. Briefly a headquarters for Lord Cornwallis, this stunning un-restored plantation house offers a unique window into the role of slavery during the revolution—and the way the war fractured one prominent family.

At day’s end, you will visit the only remnant of the city’s 1780 fortifications and understand how a 42-day siege led to one of the Patriots’ worst defeats in the war. The surrender of a 5,000-man army put the entire American cause in jeopardy.

After Charleston was captured in 1780, Lord Cornwallis faced guerilla resistance as well as an army sent south by George Washington.

Your first stop will be Fort Watson. Two colorful Patriot irregulars, Light Horse Harry Lee and Francis Marion, “The Swamp Fox,” used a tactic dating back to Julius Caesar to capture a fort built on an Indian burial mound.

In historic Camden, you will pay a visit to the battlefield there. It is little changed from when the Americans under Horatio Gates, the hero of Saratoga, confronted Cornwallis head-on – and suffered a major defeat. Gates, in fact, ruined his reputation by fleeing the battlefield. “Was there ever an instance of a general running away as Gates has done from his whole army?” wrote Gen. Washington’s aide, Alexander Hamilton.

Here you will also meet a general who did not flee to save his own skin. The Frenchman, Baron Johann de Kalb proved himself a hero. He might have become more famous than Lafayette—if only he had survived the battle.

On to Waxhaw, among the most notorious battlefields of the war. Here Colonel Banastre Tarleton led a Loyalist militia attack on a column of American cavalry under Colonel Abraham Buford. In the grisly fighting that followed, Tarleton’s men allegedly cut down American soldiers even as they tried to surrender. More than three-quarters of the Americans were killed or seriously wounded. You’ll pay your respects at a mass grave on the battlefield. Was it a massacre or just a one-sided victory? No matter. Tarleton’s supposed cruelty became a byword among the Patriots, and the cry of “Tarleton’s Quarter” would haunt the British in battles to come.

The day begins with a presentation from your historian, illuminating how the Patriot resistance to Cornwallis came together and providing context for the five Revolutionary War battlefields you will visit in the next three days,

Then you will head to the town of Ninety Six, which General Cornwallis fortified in his attempt to pacify South Carolina. It came under siege from General Nathaniel Greene, sent by Washington to replace Horatio Gates.

Ninety Six is unique. You can still see the original earthworks where the British fort stood, as well as the siege trenches dug by Greene’s men. Even the entrance a tunnel dug to mine the fortifications is visible. Rare and compelling, this is among the best-preserved sites of the Revolutionary War.

Next, you will travel to a little-known battlefield at Blackstock Plantation. At this beautiful spot, nearly untouched in the last 250 years, Patriot partisans under General Thomas Sumter delivered a check to the famed British commander Banastre Tarleton.

Today, you will visit two of the best-known battlefields of the Southern Campaign. These two American victories changed the trajectory of Cornwallis’s campaign, paving the way for his eventual defeat.

Retreating from the British in January 1781, General Daniel Morgan searched for a place to make a stand. He found it at Cowpens. “On this ground, I will defeat the British or lay my bones,” he told a fellow officer. Here he gambled all by launching a risky double envelopment maneuver against Banastre Tarleton.

Your next stop will be Kings Mountain. Here, in October 1780, Patriot and Loyalist militia clashed in a dramatic hilltop engagement. Virtually everyone who took part was American-born. Savage fighting was the order of the day. “The dead lay in heaps on all sides,” wrote one soldier, “while the groans of the wounded were heard in every direction.” The resounding American victory was due in large part to “Over-Mountain Men” – frontiersmen from Tennessee and Kentucky who trekked over the mountains with their long rifles to come to grips with the hated Loyalists.

The Battle of Guilford Courthouse neatly sums up Nathaniel Greene’s entire campaign strategy. He lost the battle, but made the victory so costly for Cornwallis that it forced the British general to abandon North Carolina and retreat toward Virginia. “I never saw such fighting since God made me,” wrote Cornwallis after the battle. “The Americans fought like demons.”

On this battlefield you will not only explore the tactics that led to this “victory in defeat,” you will also dive into the story of one of those “demons,” an extraordinary Patriot soldier named Peter Francisco. Born in Portugal, known as “The Virginia Hercules,” he became perhaps the most celebrated enlisted man of the Revolutionary War. But how much of his incredible story is real and how much is myth and exaggeration?

You’ll pay a visit to the museum at Guilford Courthouse National Military Park to view their particularly fine collection of relics dug up from the battlefield.

Next, you will travel back to an intriguing pre-revolutionary war battlefield in Alamance, North Carolina. Here in 1771, the “Regulators,” back-country men angry at high taxes, fought a pitched battle with a militia commanded by North Carolina Governor William Tryon fully five years before the battles of Lexington and Concord. You’ll find out why a monument there refers to it as “The first Battle of the American Revolution” and explore how much truth there is in that claim.

From there we make the drive to Virginia. In May 1781, Cornwallis moved his army to the Virginia peninsula for what would be the final act of the Southern campaign.

Williamsburg was the capital of Virginia from 1699 to 1780. Meticulously preserved in the 1930s, it is now the largest living-history museum in the country. Cornwallis came through here with his army in the spring of 1781, followed soon after by American and French forces under Washington and Rochambeau determined to finish off the British Army.

You will begin the day with a curator-led walking tour of Williamsburg to orient yourself to the town and understand the part it played in the final campaign.

You will visit the extraordinary Dewitt museum, preserving everything from case clocks to furniture, to vintage maps and clothing.

In the afternoon, you can explore Colonial Williamsburg at your own pace

Lord Cornwallis waits: He fortified Yorktown anticipating the British Navy to reinforce or remove him. Alas for Cornwallis, a French fleet drove off the British ships, leaving him cornered with little chance to escape.

But first, you will visit the site of a little-known battle that preceded Yorktown. At the Battle of Green Spring, the Marquis de Lafayette and “Mad Anthony” Wayne barely evaded a trap set by Cornwallis that could have had huge repercussions for the American cause. A unique feature of this battlefield is a carefully preserved site in the middle of a modern subdivision.

On to Yorktown! You will travel along the reconstructed siege lines and visit Redoubt 10, where Alexander Hamilton’s nighttime bayonet attack made him a certified war hero. Just steps away is Redoubt 9 where a German unit in the French army attacked a German unit serving the British Army!

The trip to Yorktown ends on the surrender field. Yes, you will stand on the exact spot where Redcoats marched between lines of American and French soldiers to lay down their weapons, effectively ending the major fighting of the Revolution. Here you can also see Washington’s actual tent and a cannon personally identified by Lafayette as being at the battle.

After a visit to the Yorktown Victory Monument, you will visit the museum of the American Revolution in Yorktown. Indoor galleries feature period artifacts, immersive environments, and films. “The Siege of Yorktown” puts you at the center of the action with a 180-degree surround screen and dramatic special effects. Outside, you can visit a re-created Continental Army encampment.

We will gather for a final cocktail reception and dinner this evening.

Richmond International Airport (RIC) is a short drive from the hotel for guests catching flights home.